Only around 5% of the water used in production is taken from freshwater sources and internally recirculated multiple times. The corresponding average water reuse and recirculation ratio R(WRR) is 20 according to ISO 59020 Annex A.
20 times the total water withdrawal results in over seven billion m3 of recycled and reused water in UPM's processes. Water-use efficiency is tracked through specific wastewater volumes. An actual measurement of all the water that is recirculated is not made. Internally recirculated water is an estimate, calculated by estimating how much water would be needed for each process stage at a pulp and paper mill, if use was completely linear.