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By-products (EU Waste Framework Directive definition)
A substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production of that item.
Comment: A production residue or side stream may get a by-product status if it fulfils the criteria set in the EU Waste Framework Directive: its further use is certain, it can be used directly without any further processing other than normal industrial practice, it is produced as an integral part of a production process, and its further use is lawful.
This term is often used in different UPM businesses interchangeably with side streams, residues*, or in UPM Fibres’ case, ‘biostreams’.
*Note: for the purposes of those UPM businesses using residues in the context of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED), residues and by-products have different meanings. Ideally, other businesses should, where possible, avoid using ‘residues’ to remove this confusion.
Circular Economy and Biochemicals